- ØInadequate specimen missing the transformation zone.
- ØUnsatisfactory sample due to air dry or blood or semen mixed specimen.
- ØInflammatory cervical epithelium due to infection.
- ØUnsatisfactory staining process of the specimen.
- ØInexperienced cytologist missing the vital clues in assessment of the smear.
- ØThe interval of taking the smear and getting the result to inform and manage the patient effectively is a near impossible task due to many reasons but mainly due to transfer lag of the sample and patients loss to follow up.
- ØPap’s smear seems to a simple procedure to do and get the result in a well organized setting otherwise it is a complex process in a developing world with sub- optimal resources.